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Lexical Diffusion in Polynesia
and the Marquesan-Hawaiian Relationship
-Samuel H. Elbert-

Journal of the Polynesian Society vol. 91, No. 4, 1982, p 499-518

APPENDIX B

Hawaiian l/n doublets

Doublets containing an innovating n:

ālai, ānai 'screen' *ārai
aniani, aliali'clean' *ariari
ʻeleʻele, ʻeneʻene'black' *kerekere
hālana, hānana'overflow' *ranga
hakalū, hakanū'to scatter' 
haʻalili, ʻōnini'to ripple' *riri 'stormy'
ʻilikone'pauper', cf. ʻakole 'poor' 
kālaʻe, kānaʻe'clear' Psalms 19:8 laelae (base laʻe) 
kālilolilo, kāninonino'to die' *riro 'taken'
kaulana, kaunana'resting place' *tauranga'
kaulu, kaunu'ledge' 
kīʻelelei, kīʻenenei'to squat' 
koali, koani'morning glory' 
kolili, konini'to flutter' 
kōnane, kōnale, kōlane'clear' *ngare
kūkulu, kūkunu'post' *tu(u)tulu
kulaʻi, kūnaʻi'to push over' *tu(u)raki
kulaina (2 Corinthians 4.9), kūnaʻina'pushing'*tūranga
kūlana, kūnana'position' *tūranga
kūlanahale, kūlanakauhale, kūnanahale'town' 
kūlipolipo, kūniponipo'dark' (base lipo) 
kūlokuloku, kūnokunoku'downpour' 
kulono, kunono'leak' 
kūlono, kūnono,'insignificant' 
kūlou, kūnou, kūʻou (?)'to bow down' (the Bible usually has kūlou but kūnou has been noted twice)' *tu(u)(r,n,k)ou
lānahu, nānahu'ashes' (Bible mostly lānahu but nanahu in Proverbs 25.22) 
Lānaʻi, Nānaʻi,island name 
lapuʻu, nāpuʻu'bent' 
lahi, nahi'thin' 
lahilahi, nahinahi'thin' *la(f,s)ila(f,s)i
lanalana (Isaiah 59.5), nananana'spider' 
lananuʻu mamao, nananuʻu mamao'oracle tower' 
nalu, nanu'wave' *ngaru
lehulehu (Genesis 16:10), nehunehu'multitude' 
lenalena, nenanena'yellowish' *renga
lihi (Joshua 3.8), nihi'edge' (Ka-lihi-kai, place name' nihinihi) 
lili (Exodus 30.5). nini'jealous' *riri
lina, nina'soft' (der: hoʻolina, linalina, ʻūlina) 
lino, ʻōnino'bright' *ringo
lohi; nohi 'to sparkle'; 'bright coloured' (der. alohi, kīnohi) *karo(f,s)i
lokema (Psalms 103.4), nokema'broom tree (RSV), juniper (KJV)' Hebrew rothem 
loku, noku'downpour' 
lokuloku, nokunoku'downpour' (der: kūlokuloku, kūnokunoku) 
lonoā, nonoā'rumour' *rongo
lonolau, nonolau,'a gourd' 
loulu (2 Chronicals 3.5), noulu'fan palm' 
luna, nuna'above' *runga
lupa, nupa'lush (der: hālupa) 
lupalupa, nupanupa'lush' (der: hoʻolupalupa) 
mālana, mānana'buoyant' *ranga
malino, manino'calm' *marino
Miloliʻi, Minoliʻi,place name 
nala, nana'to plait' (cf. ulana) *ranga
nalinali, naninani'to gnaw' 
nalo, nano'lost' *ngaro
nalulu, nanulu'headache' *nga(a)ruru
lanai, nanai'stiff-backed' 
nūpolupolu, nūponuponu'swollen' 
ʻōlanalana, nanue'nauseating' 
ʻōlino, ʻōnino'bright' *ringo
ʻōlohilohi, ōnohinohi'bright' *kōringoringo
pālanaiki, pānanaiki'small' 
palekana (Psalms 119.117), panekana'safe' *pare, *tango
pilo, pino'polluted' *piro
pilo, pino'shrubs in coffee family' 
pilopilo (Proverbs 25.26), pinopino'polluted' *piropiro
polohuku, ponohuku'plump' 
polohuku, ponohuku'boat hook' 
ponululu, ponununu'loose, float, short' 
pōnalonalo, pōnanonano'many flies' *rangorango
ulana (Isaiah 59.5), unana'to plait' *ranga
ulu, unu'to blow' *uru
ulu, unu'to enter' *uru
ula, una'canoe part' *uru
uluhe, unuhe'ferns' *urufe
uluna, ununa'pillow' *urunga
uluna, ununa'upper part of arm' 
uluna, ununa'net centre' 
ulūlu, unūnu'to blow' 
ulūlu, unūnu'tangled' 
ʻūlina, ʻūnina'claylike' 
wela; wena 'hot'; 'glow' *wera

Doublets containing an innovating l:

ani, -ali'to wave, beckon'*angi
hākaneno, hākanelo'sick, weary' 
hānuʻa, hāluʻa'heaped' (base nuʻa) 
hīnano, hīnalo'male pandanus flower' *sinano
ʻIlikini'American Indian' 
kānana (Ruth 3.2), kālana'to strain' 
kānana, kālana'writing material' 
kānana, kālana'to examine morals' 
kānana, kālana'forehead bone' 
kaunu, kaulu'to make love' 
koʻana, koʻala'dregs' (der. kōʻalaʻala) 
koʻana, koʻala'bladder' 
kono, kolo'to attract, as birds' *tono
kūnihi, kūlihi'steep ridge' *nifi
mānānai, mālānai'shallow' (base nānai, cf. pānānai) 
manana, malana' to stretch' (base nana) 
nahe, lahe'soft sound'*ngasengase
nanaiea, lanaiea'weak' (der. nananaiea) 
nanakea (Elbert 1959:199) nanakea, lanakea'pale' 
nanau, lanau'unfriendly' 
nanialiʻi, lanialiʻi'allamandas' (base nani) 
niua (2 Peter 2.14), liua'dizzy' 
nonanona, lonalona'ant' (cf. Ka-nonanona, Hawaīan newspaper)' 
hānuʻa, nuʻa, hāluʻa'thick' 
nulu, lunu'greed' (der. ʻānunu, ʻālunu)' 
nunu, lunu'swollen' *ngungu
pānānai, pālānai'flat' (base nānai) 
pīkananā, pīkanalea'quick tempered' (base nanā) 
ʻunua, ʻulua'to shorten' (base ʻunu) 
unūnu, ulūlu'to singe' *(u) nu(u)nu
wānana (1 Samuel 10.11), wālana, ulana'prophecy' *wa(a)nanga.

To summarise:

including the forms nalu 'to ponder' > *nanu and nini 'to pour' > *riringi, which had no variants, the total number of words with innovated n and 1 are 83 and 32 respectively. Of l's, thrē are from *n and four are from *ng. The number of l,n doublets and triplets is 115.